Friday, August 21, 2020

Comparative planetology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Relative planetology - Essay Example * Negative estimations of pivot period demonstrate that the planet turns toward the path inverse to that in which it circles the Sun. This is called retrograde revolution. From the above table it very well may be suggested that retrograde turn is trailed by Venus, Uranus and Pluto in the entire nearby planetary group (Windows to the Universe, UCAR, 2000-2005). The capriciousness (e) is a number which gauges how circular circles are. On the off chance that e=0, the circle is a circle. All the planets have whimsies near 0, so they should have circles which are almost roundabout (Windows to the Universe, UCAR, 2000-2005). As it is clear from the table 1 over that the quantity of moons differs from 0 for Mercury and Venus to 60 for Jupiter. Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are denser, rough and called Terrestrial Planets as opposed to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, which are less thick, gas-rich and are called Jovian Planets. Rings are available around Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune with the special case being Pluto. No rings are available around the earthbound planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. ... e above table it very well may be suggested that retrograde revolution is trailed by Venus, Uranus and Pluto in the entire nearby planetary group (Windows to the Universe, UCAR, 2000-2005). The capriciousness (e) is a number which quantifies how curved circles are. In the event that e=0, the circle is a circle. All the planets have erraticisms near 0, so they should have circles which are almost round (Windows to the Universe, UCAR, 2000-2005). All the planets circle the sun in almost roundabout example, same course and lie in a similar plane (Bennett, J., et al., 2004, The astronomical point of view, Chapter 8.2). As it is evident from the table 1 over that the quantity of moons fluctuates from 0 for Mercury and Venus to 60 for Jupiter. Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are denser, rough and called Terrestrial Planets rather than Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, which are less thick, gas-rich and are called Jovian Planets. Rings are available around Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune with the special case being Pluto. No rings are available around the earthbound planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. Yet, the environment ranges from none on Mercury, Carbon dioxide on Venus and Mars, Nitrogen and Oxygen on Earth, Hydrogen and Helium on Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and ultimately Methane on Pluto (Bennett, J., et al, 2004, The vast point of view, Chapter 10.3). The insides of the earth can be comprehensively ordered based on layering by thickness and layering by quality. In layering by thickness the earth has three layers called Core, Mantle and Crust and in layering by quality of the stone. The quality of a stone relies upon its organization, its temperature, and the encompassing weight. (Bennett, J., et al, 2004, The enormous point of view, Chapters 10.2). The inward layers of a planet by rock quality seem, by all accounts, to be

Tuesday, May 26, 2020

What to Expect From Islam Essay Topics?

What to Expect From Islam Essay Topics? All About Islam Essay Topics Law isn't seperated from religion. Religion has a significant impact on the Islamic Law. It could also be thought of in various other situations, such as in football for example, a group of people come together in a belief' of something. Describe two times over the span of world history, besides World War II, that Jewish individuals are persecuted due to their religion and ethnicity. The 3 religions have various beliefs concerning Jesus. They follow the instructions of their respective Holy books. They are usually referred to as Abrahamic religions. They are different in many ways. The Indian courts also have played an essential role in facilitating the spread of Islam in the nation by ruling that, the men and women who profess Islam faith needs to be charged in agreement with the Muslim Law instead of the civic ones (Smith, 2007). Many are certain that compromise with this kind of a religion is fatal. They weren't permitted to eat pork. The opposite could be argued for different religions like Hinduism, Islam and Sikhism, though it might also be argued that these religions are just on the increase due to immigration into the united kingdom in the previous 10 decades. The governments of the 2 countries are founded on the grounds of Islamic teachings and law. The problem of choice isn't entertained from these Muslim feminists. For Islam, it turned into a much slower process. In Islam, there is absolutely no one single person with the entire capability to expel heretics and discipline clergy. This call to prayer is known as Adhan. Your opinion matters and it's the trick to success to state it in the correct way, therefore, you ought not forget that any uncaring word or strong rhetorics can hurt someone's feelings! It is not important where you are, or the time you opt to make an order, we make certain all our customers get high-quality services every moment. In many cases, while accepting that she may work outside the house, he won't allow her to take part in public events. Just concentrate on the elements of it you're able to prove with facts. Frequently, in the ending of a persuasive essay, it's recommended to moderate your position by taking a peek at the other point of view. These sections list the most frequent movements. It is possible to also try to see the field from the point of what you're studying at this time. Absolutely free Islam essay samples are offered on FreeEssayHelp with no payment or registration. On our website, you are going to discover competent essay writers who will aid you with your assignments whatever they may be. The essay isn't the simplest task to master. While the totally free essays may give you inspiration for writing, they cannot be used `as is' because they won't satisfy your assignment's requirements. As for me, several facets of this film convinced me that fracking is an incredibly dangerous practice and that it ought to be prohibited. These ideas respond to the shortage of information behind some real facts. You might think that interesting essay titles do all of the work, allowing you to add obvious examples and share ordinary ideas. You should research and present a summary of the key ideas within this regard.

Friday, May 15, 2020

The High Middle Ages Free Essay Example, 4000 words

From this point of view, the names of the individual authors seemed much less important, and therefore many important works were never attributed to any specific person. Theological works were the dominant form of literature typically found in libraries during the Middle Ages. Catholic clerics were the intellectual center of society in the Middle Ages, and it is their literature that was produced in the greatest quantity. Countless hymns survive from this time period (both liturgical and paraliturgical). The liturgy itself was not in fixed form, and numerous competing missals set out individual conceptions of the order of the mass. Religious scholars such as Anselm of Canterbury, Thomas Aquinas, and Pierre Abelard wrote lengthy theological and philosophical treatises, often attempting to reconcile the teachings of the Greek and Roman pagan authors with the doctrines of the Church. Hagiographies, or "lives of the saints", were also frequently written, as an encouragement to the devout and a warning to others. The Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine reached such popularity that, in its time, it was reportedly read more often than the Bible. We will write a custom essay sample on The High Middle Ages or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Francis of Assisi was a prolific poet, and his Franciscan followers frequently wrote poetry themselves as an expression of their piety. Dies Irae and Stabat Mater are two of the most powerful Latin poems on religious subjects. Goliardic poetry (four-line stanzas of satiric verse) was an art form used by some clerics to express dissent. The only widespread religious writing that was not produced by clerics were the mystery plays: growing out of simple tableaux re-enactments of a single Biblical scene, each mystery play became its villages expression of the key events in the Bible. The text of these plays was often controlled by local guilds, and mystery plays would be performed regularly on set feast-days, often lasting all day long and into the night. Secular literature in this period was not produced in equal quantity as Religious literature, but much has survived and we possess today a rich corpus. The subject of "courtly love" became important in the 11th century, especially in the Romance languages (in the French, Spanish, ProvenÐ ·al, Galician and Catalan languages, most notably) and Greek, where the traveling singers—troubadors—made a living from their songs. The writings of the troubadors are often associated with unrequited longing, but this is not entirely accurate (see aubade, for instance). In Germany, the MinnesÐ ´nger continued the tradition of the troubadors.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Case Study on Alcoholism Essay - 4147 Words

Introduction: The ingestion of alcoholic beverages for their enjoyable effects is a custom which has been around for thousands of years, and alcohol continues to be a popular drug because of its short-term effects (Coleman, Butcher Carson, 1984). An enormous amount of damage can be attributed directly to alcohol abuse as a result of lost jobs, accidents caused by drunk drivers, and so forth (Maltzman, 2000). Alcohol also compounds other problems--an estimated 25% to 40% of hospital patients have problems caused by, or recovery delayed by alcohol abuse (Maltzman, 2000). Clinical psychologists spend about one-fourth of their time dealing with people who are suffering in part from alcohol or other substance problems (Vaillant,†¦show more content†¦The American Medical Association in 1977 reported that alcoholism is an ?illness characterized by significant impairment that is directly associated with persistent and excessive use of alcohol. Impairment may involve physiologic al, psychological or social dysfunction? (Maltzman, 2000, p.43). A final quote by Stanley E. Gitlow of Mount Sinai School of medicine suggests that ?alcoholism is a disease characterized by the repetitive and compulsive indigestion of any sedative drug...in such a way as to cause interference in some aspects of the subjects life, be it in the area of interpersonal relationships, job, marriage, or physical health. It is absolutely critical to appreciate that this definition does not in any way specify which sedative agent is used, the frequency of its use, or the amount ingested? (O?Brien Chafetz, 1982, p.26). Based on the above various quotations, it can be said that there is a wide opinion on the classification and the definition of alcoholism. The Patient: WG is an alcoholic or substance abuser according to the outlines set forth in the DSM-IV. WG is a 24 year old male and currently resides at his father?s dwellings in Red Deer, Alberta. As the result of numerous years of drinking to excess have forced this man into the situation that he now finds himself. WG does not currently have his driver?s license because he received an impaired ticket from the police late last year and lost his license for a year. WG has a casualShow MoreRelatedWhat Factors Contribute to Alcoholism?663 Words   |  3 PagesA variety of alcoholism cases develop from factors that cause an individual to develop alcoholism. These two factors are genetic factors as well as environmental and risk factors. About 50 percent cases of alcoholism are related to genetic factors and the remaining 40 percent is related to risk and environmental factors. In the article Mary - Anne Enoch acknowledges that â€Å"there are gene to gene as well as gene and envi ronmental interactions underlying a disorder such as alcoholism.† (Enoch, 2006)Read MoreAlcoholism : Alcoholism And Drug Dependence1054 Words   |  5 PagesAlcoholism is a problem affecting millions of families around the world. Based on the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence Inc., Alcoholism is considered a family disease due to the amount of stress that family members go through (NCADD, 2016). Alcoholism is an addiction that requires treatment and support from family members and friends. It is important, to understand the effects that alcoholism can bring to the alcoholic and to the family members. Some of these effects cause healthRead MoreAlcoholism Research Paper725 Words   |  3 PagesThere has been numerous studies conducted on the productiveness of treatments for alcoholics. The first effective anti-alcoholism medication was found in 1994 and has become more known today. Currently the diseases of alcoholism are more treatable and in some cases cura ble thanks to the creation and efficacy of specific medications geared for recovering alcoholics.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Anti-alcoholism medications such as naltrexone work exquisitely well. A study conducted by the University of Pennsylvania SchoolRead MoreThe Disease of Alcoholism Essay1084 Words   |  5 PagesThe Disease of Alcoholism Alcoholism is a primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. Alcoholism is a complex disease with physical, social and psychological consequences, but it can be treated through detoxification and anti-anxiety drugs. What will be explained in this essay is basically the history of alcohol, signs of one possibly being an alcoholic, possibilitiesRead MoreWhat Is The Collaborative Study On The Genetics Of Alcoholism?1097 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals developing alcoholism. Through a genome-wide association study, these articles were able to identify and interpret some variants that relate to this disease. The article by Bierut et al. (2010) is a discovery science article, in which there are no hypotheses tested. This article focuses on alcohol dependence and the genetic influences that contribute. Various case subjects were used to analyze the results from, the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). In this genome-wideRead MoreNative Americans and the Issue of Alcoholism Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesFollowing the European invasion in America, Native Americans came to endure many problems. While some have faded, others still linger on in their lives. The issue of alcohol and alcoholism is one of them. From settlers using it to deceive, to today’s issues on the reservation, alcohol has played a devastating role in the lives of Native Americans. Knowing how the issue of alcohol became such a predominate part of Native Americans lives will allow us to spawn ideas on how to end the problem. BeforeRead MoreKatherine Moran. Health Psychology Research Review. May1197 Words   |  5 PagesKatherine Moran Health Psychology Research Review May 7, 2017 HOW ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AFFECTS COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING IN CASES OF BOTH LONG- AND SHORT-TERM USAGE The social culture of college in America often has an underlying foundation of binge drinking. Out of the 60 percent of American college students who drink regularly, two-thirds of these students also report engaging in frequent binge-drinking (NIAAA, 2015). While students may be aware of some of the short-term consequences of engagingRead MoreEffects Of Alcoholism On The American Medical Association1016 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Review Definition of alcoholism: According to the American medical association alcoholism is a chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial and environmental factors influencing development and manifestations. Alcoholism has had a tremendous impact on the human condition and its relationship to society. The evolution of alcoholism, its behavior and quality of life impact will be addressed; as well as treatments and fiscal impact in the literature review. â€Å"Alcoholism is a complex disorder withRead MoreAlcoholism: Symptoms, Causes, and Effects Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesAlcoholism: Symptoms, Causes, and Effects Composition I April 1, 1997 Alcoholism is a disease that affects many people in the United States today. It not only affects the alcoholic, but also their family, friends, co- workers, and eventually total strangers. The symptoms are many, as are the causes and the effects. Alcoholism is defined as a pattern of drinking in which harmful consequences result for the drinker, yet, they continue to drink. There are two types of drinkers. The first typeRead MoreAlcoholism Essay910 Words   |  4 PagesAlcholism There are several different ways to describe substance abuse. So many people think that substance abuse only pertains to alcoholism. There is several other substances that may cause someone to be diagnosed with substance abuse disorder. Some of those things include: marijuana, alcohol, stimulants(cocaine and amphetamines), Hallucinogens, Inhalants, sedatives, and even nicotine. Even though some people may not see some of these things as things that may become addicting they are. More

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Hanging of Billy Budd Essay Example For Students

Hanging of Billy Budd Essay The Hanging of Billy Budd The hanging of Billy in Melvilles Billy Budd was a questionable and complex decision made by Captain Vere. Captain Vere, or starry Vere, chose to coincide with the law rather than spare Billy to make himself happy. The hanging of Billy was necessary for order to remain on the ship and for justice to prevail. Billy Budd, also known as the handsome sailor, was on trial for killing the master-at-arms, Claggart. Everyone wished for Billys life to be spared, but Captain Vere chose to follow the oath he pledged to the King. Consequently, Billy was given the death penalty and hanged. Billy Budds death was presided on very questionable cicumstances although he was liked by everyone, he was accussed of mutiny abored ship, and the muder of the Master at arms Claggert. His death was looked st as a tragedy by all abored ship even Captain Vere who made the decision to hang Billy, but it was the only decision which could have been made to keep the ship and the shipsmen fr om rebelling and killing all those people of higher commandEveryone on the ship enjoyed Billys presence, except Claggart. He was described to be a sweet, pleasant fellow (pg. 5). Captain Vere liked Billy as much or more than the others, they all loved him! (pg. 6) Because of this, he wondered what the best choice was: save Billy, or hang him? The decision to hang Billy was, in retrospect, the right one. If Captain Vere chose not to hang Billy, no one would have learned from his mistakes-including Billy himself. Lack of punishment can lead to severe problems; Billy was so well liked by everyone, Captain Vere was in a very difficult situation. It was very unlike Billy to ever do something so rash; he brought out the best in everyone. Captain Vere felt in his heart that Billys actions were a mistake, but he could not be sure. The accusation Claggart made was mutiny, and mutiny was a serious crime. Vere had no proof that Billy was not guilty, so for the safety of himself and his crew, h e sacrificed Billys life. In his decision making, Vere reminded himself he was under the oath of the King, not human inclinations. If Vere had not done this Billy might have lived. This was not, however, the real reason for changing his mind. The real reason was because others would have followed in Billys alleged footsteps if he were not punished. Billy Budds life was sacrificed for an unjust reason, and the circumstances surrounding his death were definitely questionable. However, Vere made the decision that he had to although it wasnt morally right for Captain Vere it was the only fair decision he could have made to hang him. The consequences of what might have happened if his life had been spared were far greater that those of grief for Billys death. Billys death was truly necessary for things to remain in order on the ship, especially without crew members entertaining the idea of killing another or starting a mutiny. The hanging of Billy Budd shows the need for punishment to occur for justice to prevail, regardless of the circumstances surrounding the issue. Billy Budds life was lost because Claggert did not like him, his accusition of Billy committing mutiny were to much for Billy to with stand. His inopportune time to loose his temper cost him his life. He was falsely accused of all aqusations but when he struck claggert over the head and killed him he wrote his own death. His actions of mutiny could not be proven, but when he struck claggert and killed him his actions were proven and no longer could be ignored. No body liked Claggert and he forced Billy in to his aggressive actions, he never would have struck Claggert if he had not of lied about Billy and the Accusation of mutiny. Claggert was jelous of Billy and Wanted Billy killed, he got his wish but he also got what was comming to him by Billy killing him.Words/ Pages : 683 / 24

Wednesday, April 15, 2020

The Truth about Lying free essay sample

A study of deception focusing on sexual and criminal misrepresentation. This essay uses a number of well researched case studies to explore individuals who pose or represent themselves as characters other than themselves. It also discusses how those around them are willing to believe often ridiculous claims if it is beneficial to them. The case studies include carefully calculated deceptions, self-delusional fantasies and blatantly criminal representations driven by damaged self esteem. From the Paper: The comedian Robin Williams once said, Ive investigated reality, and theres really nothing to it. While this is just another glib comment in that wild comics repertoire, the remark certainly applies to three items used in comparison in this essay. For the cord that ties Garfinkels Story of Agnes, Carreres downright bizarre account of the true story of Jean-Claude Romand, Baudrillards views on hyper-reality, and the personal ad placed by the blue-eyed blonde, all focus not just on the issue of deception itself, but on the self-perception of the individual, societys perception of the individual, and how (and to what extent) some people base their sense of reality on a faade in order to placate their own egos and/or society itself. We will write a custom essay sample on The Truth about Lying or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Thursday, March 12, 2020

Moral Crusade or Personal Vendetta Essays

Moral Crusade or Personal Vendetta Essays Moral Crusade or Personal Vendetta Essay Moral Crusade or Personal Vendetta Essay Abigail is not the only opportunist in Salem. The Putnams, whose daughter was one of the young women dancing in the woods, also seize the opportunity. Thomas Putnam is a greedy landowner in Salem. He systematically accuses his neighbours of witchcraft so that he might purchase their land after they hang. Like Abigail, there is a hidden agenda guiding Thomas Putnam, namely his greed for land. He too will stop at nothing to satisfy his greed. Miller has incorporated this into the play as The Royal Charter was revoked in 1692 and land ownership deeds became invalid creating a crisis of property rights. Individuals no longer felt secure with their landholdings thus feuds broke out regarding property rights and deeds of ownership. Ann Putnam also used the witchcraft trials for her own means. Mrs Putnam believes that a witch is responsible for the deaths of her seven infant children. She is resentful of Rebecca Nurse who has a large family and who has a reputation for good Christian deeds. Reverend Parris is the minister of the Christian puritan society in Salem. At the start of the play he discovers the girls dancing in the woods. One of the girls is his daughter, Betty, who falls ill after the event, and Abigail is his niece. Therefore, Reverend Parris is terrified of the consequences of their actions. This is more so as he feels that he is unpopular with many of the congregation I have fought here three long years to bend these stiff-necked people to me, and now, just when some good respect is rising for me in the parish, you compromise my very character. Parris has used his sermons to demand money and possessions and thus divided the village. He believes people are plotting against him and a faction plans to force him to leave Salem so he attempts to strengthen his authority through the witch trials thereby using them for his own means. After Parris receives a death threat, and hears of a rebellion against the court in Andover, where there have been similar witch trials, Parris fears that the hanging of two such upstanding citizens as Rebecca Nurse and John Proctor will incite a rebellion in Salem, similar to the one in Andover. The reason he gives is that postponement now speaks of floundering on my part. He is not so much concerned about the lives of those condemned as about his own reputations. To determine if witchcraft is to blame for Bettys illness, Parris summons Hale, a Reverend from the Boston area. Unlike most of the other characters, Reverend Hale has nothing to gain from the trials and executions. He is a well meaning scholar with a reputation for knowledge and expertise symbolised by the many books he carries on entering the play. He also feels he can put the people of Salem at ease regarding their concerns about witchcraft. He does this by exhorting Tituba, the black slave, and the other girls to confess and denounce others to save themselves. When he succeeds he cries, glory to God, it is broken, they are free! Reverend Hale is on a moral crusade, striving for justice unlike many of the other characters. He is impressed by Elizabeth Proctors strong Christian faith. He is critical of John Proctors poor record of attendance at church and is dismayed at finding that John Proctor cannot remember the Ten Commandments. Ironically, the only of the Ten Commandments that he cannot name is, Thou shalt not commit adultery. Although Hale remains determined not to declare witchcraft unless he can prove it, he is taken in by the expectations of the people of Salem and begins by taking their evidence at face value. Later on, however, he attempts to correct his shortcomings when he realizes that Abigail is a fraud. Hale then devotes himself to attempting to persuade the other prisoners to confess in order to avoid executions. However, he does not realise that lies would only reinforce the slanders the court has already committed. Hales faith is severely tested in the play but although he questions his own faith he does not abandon religion altogether. The other character in the play who does not use the trials for his gain is the Deputy Governor, Danforth, who represents the authority of church and state. Danforth refuses to admit possibilities outside the strict confines of the church and he applies the law with a rigid harshness. Although he may be viewed as a villainous character who does not want to open his mind to the reality of the court being duped by a group of teenage girls after signing so many death warrants, he may also be viewed as someone on a moral crusade which results in his ruthless character. Although not on a moral crusade themselves, characters such as Rebecca Nurse and Elizabeth Proctor are morally upright within the community. They are honest and will not confess to witchcraft as they would be confessing to something they had not done. Rebecca Nurse serves as a symbol of goodness and reason. Her character is impeccable, and her reputation flawless. At the outset she dismisses the behaviour of the young girls as part of their adolescence. She makes it quite clear that any searching for the devil based on the behaviour of the girls is, in itself, evil. Elizabeth and Rebecca Nurse show courage and calmness amidst the climate of fear and hysteria. The character analysis of the main people and their motives in the witch hunt trials shows Millers ability to create complex characters. Although Miller wrote a historical play set in the Puritan period, by inference, the McCarthy period, it is essentially a play about people and the human condition. Miller is adept at removing the outer covering of his characters to expose the inner workings as in a crucible. However, the historical setting of the play has affected style of language and the way the play has been written. He comments, No one can really know what their lives were like, neither can anyone know exactly how they spoke. Miller does not claim to have written a historically accurate play but he uses expressions which may have been used by the Puritan community. These include the use of Goody instead of Mrs; Id admire to know, instead of Id like very much to know, and open with me, instead of tell me the truth. Miller also makes some grammatical changes from modern usage; the verb to be is often changed; it were for it was and it be for it is. The tense of a verb is sometimes changed She gives instead of She gave. Furthermore, the West Indian slave, Tituba, is given her own dialect Devil, him be a pleasure, man in Barbados, him be singin and dancin Miller also drops the g at the end of words such as goin, beatin to denote a dialect. To add to the Puritanical setting Miller makes references to events in the Bible. Reverend Hale trying to persuade Elizabeth to confess says I have gone this three month like our Lord into the wilderness. Earlier, speaking of Abigail, Elizabeth Proctor says, where she walks the crowd will part like the sea for Israel. Thus, without claiming to be totally accurate, Arthur Miller has created the impression of a rural, deeply religious society. As well as the language, rooms are sparsely furnished and severe Puritan costumes are used. This creates an austere tone. Moreover, even more important than the language and setting, Miller makes some of the characters morally vocal. People had principles and lived and died by them. Faith, conduct and society pervaded their lives. This is demonstrated particularly by the character of Goody Nurse and also John Procter who works hard to build a defence for those accused and finally decides to die rather than lose his good name by admitting to witchcraft. Miller uses the historical setting as an opportunity to express the dramatic use of hysteria. The general hysteria that spreads through the community of Salem after the first mention of witchcraft is used to induce an atmosphere of anxiety and guilt which brings out superstitious fears. The witchcraft is both caused and fuelled by fear and it is this fear that is the motivating force that leads neighbour to accuse neighbour and generates hysteria. The most powerful and dramatic of these is the girls hysteria when they pretend to be possessed. The climax to this hysteria appears at the end of Act III in the court when reverend Hale feels anguished at the way the witch hunt is being carried out. Despite John Proctors admission of adultery and his wifes lying to deny it, Reverend Hale is prepared to defend them and starts accusing Abigail of falsehood and pretence. This is a dangerous moment for Abigail and the other girls. She starts looking up at the ceiling and screams at a yellow bird which she says is Mary, trying to scratch her face. The other girls gape at the ceiling, seeing the bird, they start repeating every word that Mary says. This has a terrifying hypnotic effect on Mary, and also the audience. The action at the end of this scene is a demonstration of the power of hysteria to paralyse thought. This is one of the dramatic climaxes of the play. The important technique of delaying is used to great effect. To build up a climax, hints, clues and suggestions must be given earlier in the play, many of them left purposely unanswered so that the audience is kept wondering. An example of the way Miller develops climax within an act is Elizabeths fears at the beginning of Act Two; Marys reporting, later in the act, that Elizabeths name had been mentioned in court; Hales questioning of John and Elizabeth until she denies the existence of witches; Giless report that his wife and Rebecca Nurse had been arrested; and the climax to the act, Elizabeth being arrested herself. Millers use of lighting adds another dimension to the symbolism of the novel. The play begins in Act One with the morning sunlight, which streams through the leaded panes of the narrow window. There is a candle which still burns. The atmosphere is dim and dark to signify ignorance and evil. In Act Two, the door opening on the fields outside, must give a feeling of light and space and the stage direction to Act Three, which is the General Court indicates there is sunlight pouring through two high windows. This shows some goodness and truth trying to vanquish ignorance and evil. Act four opens in darkness but for the moonlight seeping through the bars of the cell; but by the end of the act, when Elizabeth grips the bars of the window, the new sun is pouring in upon her face. The word new in this last stage direction is a clue to the effect Miller wants the lighting to create. The narrow minded community cannot shut out the sun and moon. The new sunlight and gentle moonlight are symbols of an unconfined world outside and are emblems of hope in a world gone mad. The light which is a symbol of truth and hope floods in at the end because Proctor chooses to go to his death rather than sign a false confession. In The Crucible, Arthur Miller has created a work set in a historical period of Puritan Culture. He has used themes and events concerning witchcraft, superstition, the devil and fear, which were largely true in colonist America in the 1690s. He has also drawn parallels with the Puritan culture and that of the McCarthy trial during the 1950s. Miller has done this though narrative techniques which contain long comments on the background and on the characters which are given details by use of language, tone and setting. Therefore, this detailed characterisation makes The Crucible much more than a play in two parallel historical settings. It transcends historical backgrounds. Miller has produced a play which explores repression, resolution, fear and the response to it by the human conscience. It is a play in which private grudges and feuding erupts into controversies that overwhelm an entire community. The problems of a single man, according to Miller, are not enough to contain the truth of the human situation. Proctors conscience is the focus of the play. The initial situation of the play is well devised to prevent the social forces that later provide the major conflict for Proctor as he becomes aware of the witch hunts and reveals his temper, his strengths and weaknesses. At times it seems that evil may win over blind justice. Proctor is a proud and strong man whose one mistake causes his own downfall. The relentless forces of evil in this melodrama are inevitable. The balance between order and freedom, which once existed, as displayed by the character of Proctor is being destroyed. Social and personal conflicts are dramatised in his destruction. This is done by fraud and a self-imposed hypnotism on the part of a society in panic. The climax suggests a symbolic end of an era, the waste of human lives and the confused state of a mankind whose personal disaster shatters the balance of the world. Order to this shattered state is restored by the hero making a personal sacrifice. Some of the characters in The Crucible respond by behaving as though they are on a moral crusade and morally upright characters like Rebecca Nurse and John Proctor end up facing dilemmas of conscience and in conflict with authority. They would rather die than lose their good name by signing to witchcraft. However, a majority and insecurity are driven by fear to manipulate the situation for their own purposes and misinterpret events for their own end, until finally the situation and the events are out of control. An atmosphere of hysterical suspicion is created which drives people. Miller has created this. Miller has created this atmosphere in The Crucible by the use of technical features such as characterisation, language, stage directions and lighting.